Web 2.0 Security Part 3: A MASHup of Problems
This is Part 3 of a series on Web 2.0 Security.
A good way to remember things is to use mnemonics, so when you're trying to list the security issues relevant to Web 2.0 just remember this: it's a MASHup.
- More of everything.
- Asymmetric data formats
- Scripting based
- Hidden URLs and code
This episode is brought to you by the letter "S".
Scripting-based
Web 2.0 technologies, specifically AJAX, are based on the execution of scripts. As we mentioned in Part I of this series, there are a lot more scripts than is typically found in a web-based application. While on the server side this is often alleviated by combining multiple scripts into a single application that takes advantage of parameter-based execution that is more closely related to SOA than not, there are also scripts on the client that open up new security threats.
In fact, here's a few client-side scripting vulnerabilities that have been discovered - and subsequently exploited:
AJAX-Spell HTML Tag Script Injection Vulnerability
These vulnerabilities only scratch the surface of how JavaScript might be exploited. One of the problems with JavaScript is that it's interpreted on the client, and there are no validation mechanisms. That is, malicious JavaScript looks just like valid JavaScript. You can't just examine the script for specific keywords or patterns and determine that the script is malicious.
JavaScript is also self-extensible. That is to say that you can modify existing JavaScript objects - like the XMLHttpRequest object - by forcing the browser to evaluate new JavaScript that extends and adds functionality to the object. And by "forcing" I really mean by delivering a script to the client; the browser will gleefully interpret any script in the page as long as it's in a language it understands.
JavaScript is also dynamic. It can evaluate code that extends itself which in turns evaluates more code and so on. The possibilities are limited only by the creativeness of the author. Where the sandbox (the JVM) was supposed to - and for the most part does - protect the client from most of the really horrible possible exploits such as destruction of your files, it doesn't prevent some of the more subtle exploits dealing with sensitive data such as Cookie Theft or just generally grabbing data from your global clipboard.
The Risks
- There is no way to distinguish malicious script from valid script, leaving attackers free to inject scripts into the client via infected web sites or other techniques that modify the core behavior of Web 2.0 applications
- Developers don't "own" the client (browser) so it's difficult to enforce specific security policies on users that might assist in protecting them from scripting-based vulnerabilities
- Sensitive data can be easily be retreived
- JavaScript is often used to construct URLs for communication; most vulnerability assessment scanners cannot interpret JavaScript and therefore cannot validate the constructed URLs.
The issue of hidden URLs is the subject of the letter "H", which we'll discuss in the next part of this series.
Next: Hidden URLs
Imbibing: Apple Juice (no, I'm not kidding)